How Can Health Care Professionals Effectively Deal Sociologically With Essay

In what capacity Can Health Care Professionals Effectively Deal Sociologically With Issues Of Domestic Violence In Pregnancy - Essay Example This exposition focuses on that shockingly, and rather than past examination on ladies dwelling in abusive behavior at home safe houses, enthusiastic help was not a critical indicator of psychological well-being when seriousness of brutality was controlled. Viable guide, in any case, anticipated both uneasiness and confidence. This finding is steady with the main safe house study that looked at enthusiastic and down to earth underpins. This paper makes an end that there are a few significant mediation suggestions from this examination. In the first place, basic help assumes a key job in the emotional well-being of ladies who have rough accomplices. Accordingly, support for ladies in savage connections must evade analysis of their lives and choices. Obviously, the capacity to discuss the maltreatment in an empathic, non-basic condition is a significant key to positive psychological wellness for these ladies. Since homophily was identified with analysis in this investigation, it might be that advocates, as opposed to homophilous peer bolster gatherings, give the best mediations. Also, functional guide, instead of enthusiastic help, was identified with positive psychological wellness. In this manner, solid help with day by day life bothers and difficulties ought to be a high need for offices serving battered ladies. At long last, the positive connection between nonhomophilous supporters and psychological wellness prop oses that organizations may help battered ladies in finding new wellsprings of help so as to build up an interpersonal organization made out of more ladies who have not been battered

Business Report about Olympic Games 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Report about Olympic Games 2012 - Essay Example There are six methodologies that one can utilize to advertise their organization at almost no expense. Promoting a business by means of public statement is a technique that has been around for a long while and still keeps on being the strategy for decision. Since organizations should do a lot with advertising, as they work with and serve the open intrigue, official statements are only one all the more method to keep the open drew in, so they will be more than prone to search out the items and administrations that organizations offer. Official statements can be utilized to advertise the opening of an organization. They can likewise be utilized to advance new items or administrations. On the off chance that an organization is supporting an extraordinary occasion, for example, that of the Olympic Games, an official statement can likewise be utilized to report this, so individuals won't just go to the occasion however will conceivably become clients for a long time to come. While official statements are brilliant for getting word out about the business with almost no exertion by any stret ch of the imagination, there are a couple of decides that should be followed, should this specific strategy be used. An article titled, Still the One, Crafting the Perfect Press discharge, sheds some knowledge into what they are. As a matter of first importance, public statements should be compact. They should not contain a lot of futile talk. Should public statements not be succinct, the consideration of their crowds will be lost, therefore making them incapable and a pointless exercise in futility. Besides, official statements must convey genuine news. They ought not discuss things that are of no genuine concern. The news that is being conveyed must be something that is truly going to influence the crowds. At last, when building official statements, the transformed pyramid strategy should be utilized. This technique is to begin little by connecting with the perusers, develop bigger and bigger all through the official statement, and afterward give a source of inspiration toward the end, implying this is the biggest purpose of such should be made. Another thing to recollect is that public statements ought not be exaggerated, which means being discharged far time and again, or it will take away from the general notoriety of the business. Should a business discharge public statements again and again, their crowds

Invasion of the Stikmen

Invasion of the Stikmen Some of you that frequent the blogs may remember that last year around finals time, MIT had an invasion Well as I walked to lab last week, I noticed something interesting on a crosswalk on Memorial Drive. At first, I thought it was just a random piece of trash. but upon closer inspection I discovered this! What was that strange sticker doing on the crosswalk? Well I honestly had no idea the first time I encountered it And as I wandered around campus I stumbled upon yet another one! So I thought to myself, What are these strange creations?!? Baffled by these little men, I tracked down my friend Steven 15 (my go-to person for all MIT happenins) to ask him if he knew anything about them. As usual, Steven was in the loop. He mentioned how he had stumbled upon an article that talked about these creation named Stikmen. Turns out an anoymous artist has been placing these little guys in cities all over the US! Its pretty awesome that we can find a set of these around MIT! Theres a couple more of them around campus, but I didnt want to spoil the location of them all! If youre on campus, see if you can find some new ones (:

Depression in Melancholia 2011 Lars von Trier - 1107 Words

Out of the three themes in the film Melancholia 2011, Lars von Trier, The first part of the film is seeing things from Justine’s perspective. We get a glance that she is happy when they are sitting in the limo laughing. The audience does not get an impression of something being wrong until she immediately is worried about a red star, that same star appears later when she leaves her wedding to go to the golf course. The easiest and most enjoyable topic was narrative, the language and the dialogue have a huge impact on the film and the way they express themselves. The tone in people’s voice set an attitude, for the whole movie. There is a lot of anger and sadness in the film that begin earlier on in the beginning. While watching the beginning of the film the pictures are expressing all Justine’s feelings of being depressed while on her wedding day, and later on the world ending. These feelings later come out while talking to her sister about being in a state of dar kness representing the visual effects in the beginning of the film. The theme of depression surrounds the whole movie, the themes that bring out this state of mind is formal, narrative, and thematic The formal elements of the film like the cinematography in this film have a lot of lower angles looking up to the actors especially on Justine (Kristen Dunst), who plays as a depressed bride who just got married and is unhappy with her life. The editing in this film begins with a series of vivid and confusing slow-motion

Effects Of The Superpacs Is Something Americans Are...

Research Paper Political Science The effects of the SuperPACs is something Americans are hearing more and more about in the 2016 campaign. Do Americans have a good understanding of what SuperPACs are and how they can affect the Presidential election.? This is something that needs to be discussed. As Americans, don’t we have the right to know who is financing the elections? These are only a few of the questions many people should be asking themselves. The history of the government attempting to reform or suppress candidate donations for the office of presidency goes further back than you may think. In 1971, Congress passed the Federal Elections Campaign Act (FECA). This was important because it was to set limits on the amount of money campaigns could spend on advertisement and mandated the reporting of the source of funds to the federal government (Magleby, Light, Nemacheck, 2015, p. 249). According to Magleby, after the major scandal of Watergate, Congress made stricter laws regarding limitations on spending and contributions of the candidates. Congress created the Federal Elections Commission (FEC); accordingly, the responsibilities of the FEC are to inforce the laws set forth by the FECA. Next, in 2002, Congress passed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), while President George W. Bush held office (Magleby, Light, Nemacheck, 2015, p. 250). The BCRA bill was extremely important because individuals were the focal point of campaign contributions along with

Analysis Of The Day Song Rise Up - 1615 Words

Song 1:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOACVZivRHw Andra’s Day song â€Å"Rise Up† is a song about perseverance, courage, and confidence. Perseverance is facing a struggle but finding the power in yourself to as Day says in her song â€Å"rise up.† Despite anything you are going through in your life you need to stay determined and keep going. Everyone must always remember that there is always a light at the end of the tunnel no matter how long that tunnel might be. â€Å"I ll rise up, in spite of the ache. I ll rise up And I ll do it a thousand times again† Here Day perfectly defines perseverance; she will rise up regardless of any pain that she feels and will do it as many times as necessary to get through life and the complications it entails. â€Å"You†¦show more content†¦I feel as if these messages tell my voice because I am always trying to make my friends feel better when they are overwhelmed and stressed. â€Å"I bet my mother s proud of me from each scar Upon my knuckle and each grazes upon my knee,† The meaning of this lyric is his mother or anyone really is proud of him for the mistakes he has mad in his life because fundamentally they have made him the person he is today. Another lyric from the song is, â€Å"And tomorrow’s a brand new day,† which tells you to forget the past because the mistakes you made yesterday do not define your tomorrow. This song helps you realize mistakes are okay. I am often a perfectionist, especially when it comes to my schoolwork. I don’t feel as it is always okay for me to make mistakes, and while I have come to terms with the fact that mistakes are going to happen and encouraged to happen as they help you learn, I am not comfortable with making them. Perfection is an unachievable and unrealistic goal, but yet it is something many people, including myself, strive for. The tempo of this song is also very upbeat, positive, and happy which, for me, mirrors the type of person I try to be and the people I wan t around me. Song 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BtI43kqkOI â€Å"Firework† by Katy Perry is an inspirational song that has aShow MoreRelatedKjnkjn856 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Analysis Tupac Amuru Shakur or better known by his stage name 2Pac was an American rapper and actor who came to fame in the 80’s-90’s era. Both Tupac’s mother and father were active members of the â€Å"Black Panthers†. Shakur’s parents were very outspoken and tenacious individuals, although they divorced during Tupac’s younger years both of their qualities can be seen through Tupac’s words and actions. From an early age Shakur was surrounded by struggle and relatives who were imprisoned, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of David Bowie s Space Oddity1425 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, David Bowie s Space Oddity would seem to be a patriotic theme song for the soon-to-be-launched Apollo 11 mission. While such assumptions would be fairly based considering the BBC used the song in its coverage of the moon landing, Space Oddity is much more profound and metaphorical in meaning. As it was actually written, this song provides a view into the artist s ri se to fame, drug problems, and changing perspective on the world. In order to understand Space Oddity on a deeperRead MoreWilliam Blake Songs of Innocence Experience1256 Words   |  6 PagesSweeper† Songs of Innocence amp; Experience analysis with, William Blake In 1794 William Blake’s work was known and published as a collection of poems that were put together as one book called Songs of innocence amp; Songs of Experience. In the collection Blake titles a poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, and this one is viewed in two ways: Innocence and experience. In the book of innocence Blake shows how poor innocent children are being abused and mistreated during this time era. In Songs of innocenceRead MoreEffects Of Pop Music745 Words   |  3 Pagesexhaustive new analysis of chart-topping songs from 1910 to 2010 shows that hip hop had a bigger effect on pop music than any other pop genre.† That’s where it mostly all started. â€Å"Rap and hip hop, don’t use a lot of harmony. The emphasis is on speech sounds and rhythms. This was a real revolution. Suddenly it was possible that you had a pop song without harmony.† Rap and hip hop seemed to influence the pop community. â€Å"1986 was the least diverse- but in the years following, diversity went back up.† WhichRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1641 Words   |  7 Pagescompares or even comes close to the casualties suffered. It helped conserve and maintain the Union, drastically changed the relationship between the federal and states government, and led to slavery’s abolition. This war has also stirred up many conflicts until this day about the conflicts and causes. Among the countless and even undiscovered questions comes the most common as being why the Southern states were withdrawn and to what extent was it slavery that influenced it and also why the North didRead MoreBob Marley And The Wailers1654 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of Bob Marley’s practice of integrating reggae with Rastafarian ideology. This paper serves to examine reggae, with special emphasis on a lyric analysis of Jamaican reggae band Bob Marley and the Wailers. The major question this paper addresses the social context that led to the dominance o f social criticism in the lyrics of reggae songs, the importance and significance of Rastafarianism, as well as how reggae has transformed and spread across the world. Reggae was born from a community ofRead MoreLady Gaga Case Studyanalysis1273 Words   |  6 Pagespossibly affect her second album. (3) CONDUCT A SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: †¢ Lady Gaga’s eccentric attire and attitude had captured the attention of many fans. †¢ Gagas (3) hit songs had captured the imagination of many. †¢ Producer Vincent Herbert signed Lady Gaga to fame. Famous producer of Streamline Records; Vincent Herbert approached Lady Gaga and had her sign on. Being under Herbert’s production company she had (3) hit songs under â€Å"The Fame† album. Lady Gaga had been capturing theRead MoreMusical Therapy: History and Medicine Impact1348 Words   |  5 PagesThe music can’t live in the lines it was given. It needs to explore, to be changed and rewritten. Don’t people live the same? We’re given certain expectations and yet some break free and create something new entirely. Each song is a finger print, there may be similarities but there is something unique about each one. There is something about this uniqueness that brings out something in humans. Something is sparked when a chord is struck. Something that drives us forward. For some music has changedRead MoreCoca Cola s Influence On The Global Community1221 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology have allowed this company to rise above the rest. One ad that is pa rticularly oriented towards the global community is an ad that reaches out to not only Americans but also to the world. This ad attempts to sell to a wide variety of people engaged in every aspect of life. Coca-Cola has expanded to come one of the leading soda companies in the world, they make over 19,400 beverages every second. Coca-Cola is the â€Å"Open Happiness† since 2009 and still to this day. (Coca-Cola) Coca-Cola has becomeRead MoreWhy Forensics Is Not A Perfect Science?1619 Words   |  7 Pagescriminals. Forensics of the past did not include the tools or knowledge that we now have. Although forensics is not a perfect science nor has it ever been, we are closer to perfecting it than ever. Every criminal leaves behind some traces of evidence; it is up to the professionals to find and analyze it to solve cases. Looking at the timeline of forensics technology of the past to the present it is evident that it has evolved dramatically and will continue to do so. The beginnings of forensics science were

Academic Communications for Business and Economics- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAcademic Communications for Business and Economics. Answer: Introduction In 2009, on Easter Sunday, two employees of Dominos , working in a North Carolina store, decided to post two funny videos of them while making sandwich. They created five videos using different ingredients. One of video showed that an individual was sticking mozzarella cheese up his nose and then used that dirty cheese by blowing the same on a sandwich. Other videos were about unhygienic uses during preparation and cooking and some stomach turning activities. They posted those videos in YouTube without consulting anyone and they did not think of any consequences after posting them in social networking site. They did not even think of reputation of the brand image of Dominos and did not realize that their funny activities can take a toll on the branding. 1 million people watched those videos. Those videos were viral and people criticized Dominos for adulteration in prime trusted brand. The videos were on YouTube for 2 days. Online bloggers and customers prepared several articles on th at adulteration. The top personality of Dominos then decided to tackle the situation going on social media through different social media platforms. He realized that videos were not false propaganda. Then he collaborated with the consumer watch dog GoodsAsYou.org. They identified the two employees as Kristy Hammond and Michael Setzer(Goldiner, 2009). Vice president McIntyre then instructed the company to respond all queries on Twitter. Dominos explained the situation, their stand, what is going on to rectify the situation and why the company didnt issue any official statement. By next day, President of Dominos, Patrick Doyle recorded an apology statement and it was uploaded on YouTube. A video was posted against two videos on social networks just to manage and to fight the situation on same platforms. This made people more responding and trustworthy as people watched adulteration on YouTube and believed the whole story. In the same way, people trusted the apology video and believed that it was not adulteration, rather a nonsense post. It was indeed a right decision as well as a guide for the corporate also(Gregory, 2009). The Domino's crisis is an eye opener for corporates. It shows that companies should have very strong social media presence which can handle any situation over cyber world. If companies do not have access to the social network in a day when youngsters are totally dependent on this platform, companies would definitely face real problems and become victims in social media platforms very easily. If a corporate does not have social media presence, it cannot manage any created damage in social media either. Domino's did not have very good social media presence. So it could not be active when the videos were posted on YouTube. It would take time for them to combat the crisis as they did not have any corporate strategies to manage risk factors of being victimized in social media platforms. People did not believe them unless an apology with explanation was uploaded by the company president. Dominos used the same platform to clarify the issue for damage control. People understood their views as it was more relevant to public feelings. Food adulteration took a toll on company reputation in initial stage, but later uploading a video had done the damage control about all allegations, which was proved to be effective tool to manage the crisis. In his dissertation titled How Social Media is Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis, Daniel A. Landau (2011) mentioned that an integrated strategy communicating in such a way that it incorporates both traditional and social media, which is important (p. 62). Previously corporate sectors had risk management associated with different platforms and they had ready documents to handle the situation. But now as social media is used to defame a company, it must have risk management plans to deal with all social media. When company sets up a presence on online, it becomes more public friendly with easy reach of people. People can now watch their favourite brand and can react more than before. Now they are directly related to the company affairs. Earlier it was hidden in some way and stakeholders could know about their company at the end. But now people can react and assess the company while watching online and can build positive or negative feelings. Social media response is very quick and within very less timeframe and it can be viral as well. So for negative news, before being viral, company should be able to manage that damage using the same media(Northrup, 2010). Compiling and synthesizing these damage control practices are not an easy task. This crisis and disaster are different in nature with unique feature, which are inherently dynamic, with unpredictable outcome (Bell, 2010, p. 151). As per Seeger (2006) these practices do not frame a plan, rather they are the principles and sometimes processes which are treated to be effective crisis communication response in terms of good planning (p. 242).There are different practices depending on the nature of situations. Coombs (2004) offers the Situational Crises Communication Theory to make strategies for different situational approach. It explains how a company can select a crisis response strategy. Normally crises cause awareness of stakeholders in a three way system(Young, 2012). If the crisis took place in past or it may happen in near future also If the situation can be controlled by the company If the crises are an output of internal or external process(Seeger, 2006). In Domino's case, this crisis was not happened in the past. So corporate is not ready to control the situation. Company reputation depends on ready strategies to handle that crisis and thus it can change minds of stakeholders. It can affect stakeholders in a very negative way. The crisis must be observed in a serious note Company should interpret all relevant information in details and connect them accurately with relevance Company has to choose a strategy which seems to be most fitted in this situation Company must implement the solution (Hale, Dulek, Hale, 2005). Normally a company should choose the strategy which is best suited in that situation by evaluating with four step process. Best practice can minimize the damage very quickly and efficiently. In this case, until the president came over with apologetic video, people did not listen and turned down every excuse which caused a big problem with the company. Dominos could upload video with those two staffs who posted those problematic videos. As they posted some videos which misled people that Dominos products are adulterated and there is no quality check or assurance process. Actually they did it for fun without realizing the seriousness of the issue. They even did not think that it would go to such serious extent and those crazy videos could turn so harmful for their company. If another video giving explanation from these two people was uploaded, people would start believing their innocence. People would definitely listen to them as they did such for first time. Generally people have positive impact if the miscreants admit their fault. Domino's could talk to them after identifying the duos. Then it could create a video mentioning that they posted the video without any serious thinking. They did not mean for degrading the product, rather it was completely a fun video(Thesmokinggun, 2009). The management of Dominos have realized that problem happened in social media and required to be handled and controlled via social network only. As there is a concern about the reputation of the company, to apprehend the correct views in front of stakeholders, the President came to control damage occurred by this loss. The president is the supreme authority and most weighed person in the organization. So people have a biased response for him. He is liable to the stakeholders. So only he could clear all confusions created by that wrongly posted video. He took apology which made people more comfortable. Public observed that the company is serious about their whereabouts with very particular step to make damage control urgently. People always have a trust system on this type of mentality and cannot close their eyes. People with consciousness about social media watched first video, made a conclusion of adulteration of food. After watching video of the president of that same company, peop le concluded that it is not a case of adulteration. Here people continued to trust on the brand as the highest authority has that trustworthiness. People started believing on their loving brand just like before(Williamson, 2010). Dominos could use traditional media like print media and electronic media. Dominos could give advertisement in all leading newspaper. They could publish an interview of the president of the company with those two staffs. Staffs could clarify their stand with relevance. They could admit in a press conference also to accept that they did this wrong doing unintentionally. They could tell people that the video was for pure fun. It was not for any adulteration. At the same time, the president could give an interview with apology. He might feel sorry with the people. Dominos could call a press meet with those two defaulters. All the traditional media got information about what happened there. Dominos could give advertisement in television also. Newspaper and television are two main mass media everywhere. Public could understand the stand point in this matter and decide accordingly. Dominos could use Twitter as well as Facebook also. Facebook could counter talk on that video as Facebook is used by huge number of people. It might be viral also with the statement that the video was not an adulterated one; rather it was a fun posting without considering any post consequences. In Twitter, Dominos was trolled by several people for this adulteration video. Company could clarify its position in twitter also. They could post video also in both the social networking sites. Dominos could target directly its stakeholders using Facebook and Twitter because a huge number of people have access on these two sites(Youtube, 2009). The first page principle is Tell the truth. This created a series of questions that who needs the truth and to what extent. In a situation like this, there are multiple truths which might be right to grab the attention of general customers, the company, the employees and the media. In this case, there were some online watchdog organizations. They helped the company by informing every details related to this case. The Designated authority of the company actually conveyed the message that an erratic and insensitive behaviour of two individuals who thought that everything was not so serious. Company gave the message that the two individuals do not represent the brand. They are part of the 100,000 people and cannot represent all staffs who work every day at Dominos Pizza all over the world (Flandez, 2009, Para. 6). Patrick Doyle wanted to interpret the truth that the incident done by them was not carrying anything wrong in any sense. They felt sorry for the whole episode and told people that the act was an unwilling mistake and they would do anything to regain the trust of consumers(Scholarcompanions, 2016). However, in the quest to honest, open and candid (Seeger, 2006) about the situation, Dominos must take all responsibility of its workers. But at the same time taking responsibility had the probability of legal hazards (ClaeysCauberghe, 2012), including freedom of speech and to some extent copyright claims also. In order to minimize the damage of the company, Dominos depended on two social sites (the watch dog organizations and local authorities) as they are credible sources and general people have faith on them. Being social media partner, they coordinated the situation as an act too idiotic and alerted more people (York, 2009, Para. 5), and appealed to people not to add further fuel to the matter (Vei et al., 2011). Initially Dominos took 24 long hours to respond as it was hesitating to respond and clarify their stand through social media. They never communicated in Twitter or any other social media as people are very fast and judgemental in social media. So people gathered negative views against Dominos. Veil, Buehner, and Palenchar (2011) pointed to the fact that the power to communicate remains with the way a company is behaving and narrating the entire situation. It never depends only on technology(Petkevi?ien?, 2014). A second challenge in telling the truth in the digital age reveals on other questions (Roberts, 2010) that an organisation needs virtual spaces in cyber world. They are using social media platforms, which are to be used for best practices. York (2009) brought this to our attention in her online article, asking why Dominos lagged behind on social media presence. The brand is on all the social media platforms like MySpace, Twitter, and YouTube and most visibly on Facebook with nearly 300,000 followers (Para. 18). There is a big difference, that presence in social media does not have value if not utilized in any serious situation. Company must integrate their marketing policy in social media otherwise competitors would never miss a chance to malign in any possible situation. On the very next day the video was uploaded in YouTube, and Dominos had posted a video on their website. But it had not got such implication as expected by the employees of the company. Dominos could not reach the audience through its own websites. According to McIntyre, prior to this event, they had a crisis management team with all probable social media plans. But they thought not to jump there without a solid strategy. They planned to play safe and straight. Most important thing is they were about to implement their new social media strategy just a week later. But as this situation came suddenly, which made them to jump in order to resolve the crisis and they did opposite to whatever they planned (Quoted in Jacques, 2009, Para. 10) After reviewing this, they researched a lot and found the truth that apology by the president actually changed the scene drastically in favour of the company. He further assured that this type of incident would never happen again (Levick, 2009, Para. 6). They changed their strategy then and decided to use the same interface targeting same audiences. They uploaded video to control the damage and to give explanations to the people and stakeholders, as well. They used to generate various contents and information from social networking to prove their willingness to act promptly with concern, passion and apology (Veil et al., 2011, p. 114). Bloomberg BusinessWeek appreciated their concern in such situation as they gave importance to rebuild their fame. Online portals said that Dominos has that ability to manage social media in crises situation (Levick, 2009, Para. 7)(Wordpress, 2016). Initially Domino's chose to upload video in their website. But it hardly had viewers. As they handled this type of situation first time; with this experiment, negative publicity was going on with the pranked video. If the video was being watched by more people, that would make it further viral. When Domino's realized the problem, it chalked out a fruitful plan to counter the video in the same platform, to win the battle. People started watching companys clarification of such a serious issue and started believing companys version as it was more accountable than any other. The video had viewership of one million within 24 hour. It was further increased in next day. Speed in social media plays a vital role and thus it is a major criterion to minimize risk factors using social media. Crisis management is a complex issue. But time is an important factor to handle situation like Dominos case. References: Goldiner, D., 2009. Domino's pizza workers face charges for YouTube video showing them making 'special' sandwiches. [Online] Available at: https://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/domino-pizza-workers-face-charges-youtube-video-showing-making-special-sandwiches-article-1.364515 [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Gregory, S., 2009. Domino's YouTube Crisis: 5 Ways to Fight Back. [Online] Available at: https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1892389,00.html [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Northrup, L., 2010. Domino's Gross-Out Video Star Gets 24 Months Probation. [Online] Available at: https://consumerist.com/2010/03/10/dominos-gross-out-video-star-gets-24-months-probation/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Petkevi?ien?, M., 2014. Crisis Management to Avoid Damage for Corporate Reputation: The Case of Retail Chain Crisis in the Baltic Countries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, pp.452-57. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814060406. Scholarcompanions, 2016. Attached are three questions regarding dominoes crisis 2009. [Online] Available at: https://essay-discounts.scholarcompanions.com/public-relations/attached-are-three-questions-regarding-dominoes-crisis-2009/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Seeger, M., 2006. Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34(3), pp.232-44. Available at: https://www.vodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/Artikel%201%20-%20%20Best%20Practices.pdf. Thesmokinggun, 2009. Domino's Prankster A Sex Offender. [Online] Available at: https://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/dominos-prankster-sex-offender [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Vei, S., Buehner, T., Palenchar, M. l, 2011. A Work-in-Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis Communication. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(2), pp.110-22. Williamson, S.N., 2010. Domino's Pizza gross-out prankster pleads guilty. [Online] Available at: https://www.charlotteobserver.com/latest-news/article9048248.html [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Wordpress, 2016. Issues, Crisis and Reputation. [Online] Available at: https://whatifandwhynot.wordpress.com/issues-crisis-and-reputation/ [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Young, C., 2012. Fight Viral with Viral: A Case Study of Dominos Pizzas Crisis Communication Strategies. [Online] Available at: https://api.ning.com/files/vwzIt05Fr12G2dm3XgplkGFekSvdL5bn0h1xq1S0A6sfsN6g6uP-YPQnu4GLaaJe0ta8OP6ahNZvsFhAAkP0IADz-wJBVO4R/dominospizzacasestudy.pdf [Accessed 26 August 2017]. Youtube, 2009. Domino's Pizza Worker Kicked Out Of College 9-1-2009. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHZXL93ERk0 [Accessed 26 August 2017].

STAAR -ingo Vocabulary Flashcard

STAAR -ingo Vocabulary

Reflective Essay Composition Introvert or Extrovert

Reflective Essay Composition Introvert or Extrovert I think the idea of gender fluidity can be compared to the flowing nature of behaviour. Most people are said to be either an introvert or an extrovert. However, according to my life experience, I have come to the conclusion that people can be on a sliding scale of being introverted or extroverted. And even more confusing, I believe this scale can tip in one direction depending on circumstances and external environments. Born with a serious heart condition, I had to get two surgeries within the first year of my life. I was in the hospital for about six months, and was not touched as much as normal babies and not given as much attention. This left me depressed and despondent in my first year. It has also left a lifelong mark on my psyche. My mother told that after I came home from the hospital, I seemed angry at the world and not social. It is hard to imagine, but it seems infants can be depressed and have angst as well. At this time, I would say I was an introvert. After a while, though, my mother said that I gained a sense of happiness and was social. But even with a twin brother, I played a lot with myself: just me and my toys, and my brother would try to get me to play with him. So, my introverted nature continued, though I grew in my social skills gradually. Around 3 years old, our family moved to a new neighborhood. There I met a few friends who changed my behavior. I became good pals with two boys that I began to spend almost all my days with: playing games, competing in sports, watching movies, and everything else one can imagine boys doing together. Through this experience, I became more extroverted, talking more and actively seeking out social activity with my friends instead of wanting quiet time with my toys and my imagination. However, in the years to come, when my two best friends moved away to other neighborhoods, I went back to a more introverted nature. Coupled with the divorce of my parents at eight years of age, a new sense of depression set in. For three years, I became more inward and introspective. At 11 years old, though, my mother got married again. Eventually, our new family moved to another city. Thankfully, I made new friends there. In fact, I became buddies with all the children of two families on my new block. These budding friendships drew me out of my introverted nature once again, and became the fun, talkative, sporty, and entertaining self that I had been with my previous friends. Fast forward to the time I was 16 years old, and my grandfather died. Another big blow was when my father passed away when I was 18 years old. This threw me into another bout of depression. I turned to writing poetry and playing more music to deal with my sadness. I was not much interested in academics- mostly poetry and music. It took me awhile to feel normal again. But I started to meditate regularly, and my mood finally got regulated. During this period, I was definitely introverted. After a year or so of meditating daily, I became talkative again and yearned to meet with friends often. I even developed a knack for humor and loved making as many jokes as possible around my friends and family. This state lasted for around 6-7 years, before I got married. Marriage was not the reason I switched from being more extroverted to introverted. It had to do more with where I lived. I moved to Kyiv, Ukraine from Seattle, USA when I was 28 years old with my wife, who is Ukrainian. Not knowing the local language(s) (Russian and Ukrainian), I drew more inward. Not being able to communicate well with people and finding only a few people I could express myself with made me introverted again. I began to focus more on my writing and music, and concentrated on interacting with people through the internet. You can say it was almost a forced introversion. Though I have learned both Russian and Ukrainian to a decent enough level to have conversations, I still feel unable to communicate properly and freely. Adding to my introversion was the recent death of my grandmother, who had been the most positive and energetic person in my family. As you can see, I have swung between being an introvert and extrovert throughout my life. Sometimes I even believe I am both at the same time. But what I know for sure is that a person’s behaviour is never one or the other: it is on a sliding scale that is influenced by the people around you, your environment, and your psychological state.

Contemporary issues in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary issues in marketing - Essay Example Several global companies have been designing marketing strategies since the wake of the 21st century technological development and the financial crisis in recent times, and some of them have actually survived the hard economic times. One of the companies that have had an outstanding market strategy in the 21st century is Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota is one of the leading automakers in the world, with a wide range of vehicle models for its customers. The company’s sale in 2002 estimates around 6.17 million units worldwide. In addition, the company has more than 11 manufacturing affiliates and subsidiaries and 12 plants, 45 manufacturing companies with locations in 27 countries all over the world. One of the major contributing factors for the company’s success is its marketing communication strategies. Marketing communication include practices like advertising, packaging, publicity, public relations, sponsorships, sales promotion among others. Marketing Communication Toyota marketing communication strategy employs both product-led information and communication plan around specific vehicle brands, as well as corporate-led communication on its objectives in the industry. This is an effective mode of marketing strategy considering that Toyota is a monolithic corporate brand. The corporate objectives are part of the Global Vision Document unveiled in 2010 as a managerial guide for the company. For instance, according to Grant 2005, Toyota ran articles in the Japan Times in 2003 educating the readers on the environmentally friendliness of its â€Å"green† cars The company is also establishing a leaf care logo to portray its efforts in reducing environmental effects of its products in the sector, its plants, and all the processes. This part of its communication strategy enhances its relations with the community that buys its products, as well as those living in its workshops’ neighborhood. Toyota has been establishing initiatives that he lp it communicate with the communities within its market target. Some of these initiatives include volunteer services to the surrounding community and financial assistance in form of grants. By engaging in such activities, Toyota is sending a message to the outside world of its social responsibility, a factor of consideration that influences the customers’ preference in the automobile market. These efforts highlight it as a responsible company that offers reliable products, thus capturing and maintaining a market niche for it. In addition to its environmentally conscious efforts, the company has consistently been enhancing its employees’ awareness on environmental credibility concern through bulletins within the company, environmental booklets issued to employees at the company’s sites, educative seminars, and events held on occasional basis, like the Environment month. The company also rewards employees who involve themselves with voluntary services like creati ng awareness of environmental responsibility through initiatives like tree-planting, cleaning riverbanks, and others. January 2002 saw the introduction of a new communication exercise that incorporates screening of movies (Like Erin Brokovich) to inform them of the benefits of the environment. To understand the Toyota marketing communication str

The Financial Engineer's Most Versatile Tool Dissertation - 1

The Financial Engineer's Most Versatile Tool - Dissertation Example The EPS graph of the company has been shown for a five year period to highlight the rise in the earnings per share due to a stock repurchase program. The deterioration in the important financial ratios like interest coverage, return etc has also been shown with the help of suitable graphs. An announcement of a share repurchase by a company is valued highly by the market participants interpreting it as a ‘buy signal’ for its stock. So the company has good reasons to buy-back its stocks but sometimes these share buyback programs go awry. Despite the popularity of such programs as evident from the recent buyback deals, there are concerns whether the firm or the shareholders derive any gains from it. One reason favoring the buyback deal is that at any point of time the surplus cash lying with the management can be used for buyback of shares thereby returning the funds to the shareholders. It has been seen that idle cash makes the managers complacent so buying back of shares can be one way of instilling confidence among the investors. From the viewpoint of the company stock buyback results in increased Earnings per share (EPS), share price and increases the value of â€Å"executive stock options† (Ogilvie, 2006, p.51). However, the share buyback strategy can be dangerous if the company finances the buyback of equities using borrowed funds. Financing buyback using loan stock may look tempting in the short term but some years down the line the company has to pay back the loan. In the event of an economic recession, the company will have to struggle with fund shortage. A rise in the share price, the increase in company EPS are all good signs but not at the cost of endangering the position of the company in the future. The board of directors must keep the interests of the shareholders in mind while considering share buyback programs. Significant research has been conducted especially in the area of share repurchases.  

Malaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology Essay

Malaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology Essay Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasites of the genus plasmodium. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito (more than 30 anopheline species), which introduces the parasite via its saliva into the circulatory system, and ultimately to the liver where they mature and reproduce. The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, chills and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of Sub Saharan Africa, asia and the Americas. There are five species of parasites of the genus Plasmodium that affect humans and of which only 3 species are found in India. These are Plasmodium malariae (Laveran, 1881), Plasmodium vivax (Grassi and Feletti, 1890), Plasmodium falciparum (Welch, 1897), Plasmodium ovale (Stephens, 1922) and Plasmodium knowlesi (Robert Knowels, 1932). Malaria due to P. falciparum is the most deadly, and it predominates in Africa. P. vivax is less dangerous but more widespread, and the other species are found much less frequently. P. knowlesi is the fifth major human malaria parasite (following the division of plasmodium ovale into 2 species). This is an emerging infection that was reported for the first time in humans in 1965 and it accounts for up to 70% of malaria cases in certain areas in South East Asia where it is mostly found. HISTORY Malaria has great impact on social and economic development of humans. Malaria was linked with poisonous vapours of swamps or stagnant water and named by the Italians in the 18th century as Malaria (from the Italian mala bad and aria air). In the fifth century B.C., the greek physician Hippocrates described the clinical manifestations and some of the complications of Malaria. The first major breakthrough in understanding the etiology of the disease was in 1880, when Laveran, a French army surgeon in Algeria, described exflagellated gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in a fresh blood film from a patient with Malaria. It was only in 1897, that Ronald Ross, a British army surgeon in India, conclusively established the major features of the life cycle of plasmodia by a careful series of experiments in naturally infected sparrows. During the 20th Century, progress was made in vector control technology and in 1955 potent synthetic compound called DDT was found and along with other residual insecticides, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a worldwide program of malaria eradication. This ambitious program was hindered by the development of DDT resistance among vector and chloroquine resistance in some strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Soon it was accepted by the world that Malaria was here to stay and subsequently in 1978, the World health assembly changed its focus from eradication to control. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA Global Scenario Based on documented cases, the WHO estimates that there were 216  million cases of malaria in 2010 resulting in 655,000 deaths. This is equivalent to roughly 2000 deaths every day. A 2012 study estimated the number of documented and undocumented deaths in 2010 as 1.24  million. An estimated 3.3 billion people were at risk of Malaria in 2010, although of all geographical regions, populations living in Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest risk of acquiring Malaria; in 2010, 81% of cases and 91% of deaths are estimated to have occurred in the WHO African region. The majority of cases (65%) occur in children under 15 years of age. Pregnant women are also especially vulnerable: about 125  million pregnant women are at risk of infection each year. In Sub-Saharan Africa, maternal malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly. There are about 10,000 malaria cases per year in Western Europe, and 1300-1500 in the United States. Both the global incidence of disease and resulting mortality has declined in recent years. According to the WHO, deaths attributable to malaria in 2010 were reduced by over a third from a 2000 estimate of 985,000, largely due to the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies. Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the Americas, many parts of Asia, and much of Africa; however, it is in Sub-Saharan Africa where 85-90% of malaria fatalities occur. As of 2010, about 106 countries have endemic malaria. Every year, 125 million international travelers visit these countries, and more than 30,000 contract the disease. The geographic distribution of malaria within large regions is complex, and malaria-afflicted and malaria-free areas are often found close to each other. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions because of rainfall, consistent high temperatures and high humidity, along with stagnant waters in which mosquito larvae readily mature, providing them with the environment they need for continuous breeding. Regional Scenario Out of the 11 countries of SEAR, 10 are malaria endemic. Maldives has no endogenous transmission since 1984. SEAR accounts for 30% of global morbidity and 8% of global mortality due to malaria. An estimated 82.8% of the total population is at risk and about 2.5 million cases are reported annually in the region. India contributes to more than three-fourths of the total cases in the South East Asian Region. Since 2004, there has been an increasing number of reports of the incidence of P. knowlesi among humans in various countries in South East Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Indonesia. Country Scenario Malaria transmission occurs in almost all areas of India except areas above 1800 meters sea level. Countrys 95% population lives in malaria risk prone areas and 80% of malaria reported in the country is confined to areas consisting 20% of population i.e. residing in tribal, hilly, difficult and inaccessible areas. Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) has framed technical guidelines/ policies and provides most of the resources for the programme. The case load, around 2 million cases annually in the late nineties, has shown a declining trend since 2002. At low levels of surveillance, the Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) may be a better indicator. The SPR has shown gradual decline from 3.32 in 1995 to 1.41 in 2010 (3). The reported Pf cases declined from 1.14 million in 1995 to 0.77 million cases in 2010. However, the Pf % has gradually increased from 39% in 1995 to 52.12% in 2010. Number of reported deaths has been leveling around 1000 per year. Currently, 80.5% of the population of India lives in malaria risk areas. Since 1970s, in India, areas with an API above 2 cases per 1000 population per year have been classified as high risk and thereby eligible for vector control. The current situation of Malaria in India is shown in Fig 6.1. Malaria in India is unevenly distributed with a risk of increase in cases in epidemic forms every 7-10 yrs depending on the immune status of the population, breeding potential of the mosquitoes and the rainfall pattern. In North-East states efficient malaria transmission is maintained during most months of the year. Intermediate level of stability is maintained in the plains of India in the forests and forest fringes, predominantly tribal settlements in 8 states (AP, Gujarat, Jharkhand, MP, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Rajasthan). The largest number of cases in the country is reported in Orissa, followed by Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The largest numbers of deaths are reported in Orissa, followed by West Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Karnataka, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh Fig 6.2. Annually about 100 million fever cases are being screened by blood smears. There are 3.12 lakh Drug Distribution Centers, 1.17 lakh Fever Treatment Depots and 13 thousand Malaria Clinics functioning in the country. IMPORTANT TIMELINE 1947: At the time of independence, malaria was responsible for an estimated 75 million cases and 0.8 million deaths annually. 1953: National Malaria Control Programme was launched. 1958: With its overwhelming success, GOI launched National Malaria Eradication Programme. 1965-66: Due to concerted implementation of strategies, particularly spraying with DDT, the number of annual cases was successfully brought down to 100,000 and deaths were eliminated. 1971: Since the resurgence of malaria in early 1970s, urban malaria has been recognised as an important problem contributing to overall malaria morbidity in the country. To assist the states in control of malaria in urban areas, Urban Malaria Scheme (UMS) was launched in 1971. The scheme is being implemented in 131 towns in the country. Urban malaria poses problems because of haphazard expansion of urban areas. The urban malaria vector, An. stephensi breeds in stored water and domestic containers. Construction activities and aggregation of labour provide ideal opportunities for vector to breed and transmit malaria in urban areas. 1976: However, in the following years, the Programme faced various technical obstacles as well as financial and administrative constraints, which led to countrywide increase in malaria incidence to 6.47 million cases. 1977: Modified Plan of Operation (MPO) under NMEP was launched as a contingency plan to effectively control malaria by preventing deaths, reducing morbidity so as to improve the health status of the people. With the adoption of the MPO strategy, the total malaria cases decreased significantly. Presently, about 2 million cases are being reported in the country annually, about half of which are P. falciparum cases. 1982: The National Anti-malaria Drug Policy was drafted in 1982 to combat the increasing level of resistance to chloroquine detected in Pf. 1997: The name of the programme was changed to National Anti Malaria Programme. Enhanced Malaria Control Project (EMCP) was launched in April 1997 with the assistance of the World Bank. This is directly benefiting the six crore Tribal Population of the eight peninsular states covering 100 districts and 19 urban areas. 2003: National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme was envisaged as an umbrella programme for prevention and control of Malaria and other vector borne diseases such as Filariasis, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar. 2008: the global malaria action plan (GMAP) was launched by the roll back malaria partnership (RBM) as a blueprint for the control, elimination and eventual eradication of malaria, setting as its objective the reduction of the number of preventable malaria deaths worldwide to near zero by 2015. 2010: The year 2010 was an important milestone on the way to achievement of internationally agreed goals and targets for malaria Control. It was the date set by the World Health Assembly in 2005 to ensure reduction of the malaria burden by at least 50% compared to the levels in 2000. The aim was to make indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINS) available to all people at risk of malaria, and for all public health facilities to be able to provide reliable diagnosis and effective treatment for malaria. 2011: In the light of progress made by 2010, RBM updated the GMAP targets in June 2011. Maintaining an overall vision of a malaria-free world, the targets are now to: (i) reduce global malaria deaths to near zero by end-2015, (ii) reduce global malaria cases by 75% from 2000 levels by end-2015, and (iii) eliminate malaria by end-2015 in 10 new countries since 2008, including in the WHO European Region. These targets will be met by: achieving and sustaining universal access to and utilization of preventive measures; achieving universal access to case management in the public and private sectors and in the areas where public health facilities are able to provide a parasitological test for all suspected malaria cases, near zero malaria deaths is defined as no more than 1 confirmed malaria death per 100,000 population at risk. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT Malaria affects everyday life of the afflicted persons and is one of the major causes of loss of income and absenteeism in schools. It is thus, directly linked with socio-economic development and referred to as both a disease of poverty and a cause of poverty. Economists believe that malaria is responsible for a growth penalty of up to 1.3 percent per year in some African countries. When compounded over the years, this penalty leads to substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria and severely restrains the economic growth. The direct costs of malaria include a combination of personal and public expenditures on both prevention and treatment of the disease. The indirect costs of malaria include lost productivity or income associated with illness or premature death. Although difficult to express in financial terms, another indirect cost of malaria is the human suffering caused by the disease. J. A. Sinton estimated a loss of Rs.7, 500 million per year to the Indian economy on account of malaria in 1935. The Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad calculated that each rupee spent on the malaria programme since 1953-54 has brought in a benefit of Rs.9.27 to the nation. According to an estimate by MRC-ICMR, Delhi, in 1994, every rupee invested in malaria control produces a direct return of Rs. 22.10. The calculations do not include the hidden but large savings on account of the labour days, which is many times higher than that of the direct savings of an individual. In terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), malaria in India contributes to 1.86 million years. Among the females, DALYs lost were 0.786 million as against 1.074 million in the males. The maximum DALYs lost (53.25%) were in the middle productive ages from 15 to 44 years followed by children 45 years of age. Transmission dynamics of malaria A large number of factors related to Agent, Host, Vector and Environment have a role in determining the transmission dynamics. Host factors Age : All ages are equally affected. Children are usually effective carriers of gametocytes. In areas with high falciparum transmission, newborns will be protected during the first few months of life due to maternal antibodies transferred to them through the placenta. Gender : Gender does not affect the incidence or severity of malaria infection and disease per se, but because they are often related to frequency of exposure (via occupation, social behaviour, and migration). Innate Immunity : Some persons residing in highly malarious areas do not acquire infection. This may be due to innate immunity of the individual. Such immunity is mainly due to antibodies and T-lymphocytes specific for Plasmodium, which result in reduced illness despite infection. Blood group : There are other factors, which determine immunity against malaria. Genetic characteristics of the erythrocytes and presence of haemoglobinopathies usually confer some sort of protection against infection with malaria parasite. Individuals lacking in Duffy blood group antigen are refractory to P.vivax infection. This points to the fact that Duffy coating on the RBC wall may modify receptors in respect of P.vivax merozoites. Haemoglobin HbS sickle cell trait and Haemoglobin C have a protective effect against P.falciparum. Economic Status : Economic status is inversely related to incidence of malaria mainly because of poor housing. Ill ventilated and poorly lighted houses provide ideal resting places for mosquitoes. Migration : Large scale migration of population from one part of the country for sowing, transplanting and harvesting of crops results in spread of malaria. Tropical aggregation of labour is associated with malaria. The labour migrating from malarious to non-malarious areas bring immune and non-immune population together coupled with local and imported parasite reservoir at the site of temporary camps. Focal outbreaks can be explosive in such situations. They also bring different strains of malaria parasite to the project site including drug resistant strains. Environmental factors Weather: There are seasonal variations in mosquito density, resting, feeding and biting habits, longevity and flight capabilities. Malaria is therefore, seasonal in most parts of the country. In most of the states the maximum transmission is during the period July to November. Temperature and Humidity : Optimal conditions for malaria transmission occur when the temperature is between 20 °C and 30 °C and the mean relative humidity is at least 60%. Sporogony does not occur at temperatures below 16 °C or at temperatures higher than 33 °C. Water temperatures regulate the duration of the aquatic breeding cycle of the mosquito vector. A high relative humidity increases mosquito longevity and therefore increases the probability that an infected mosquito will survive long enough to become infective. The forest cover of an area keeps humidity levels at high level resulting in long survival of all vector mosquitoes. Altitude : Transmission decreases with increasing altitude and as a rule and it stops above the heights of 2000 m. Man made malaria : Construction of roads, railways, irrigation works, dams and barrages, deforestation and other engineering projects have resulted in creation of mosquito breeding place in many new areas. The proximity of human habitation to breeding sites directly influences vector human contact and, therefore, transmission. Agriculture and irrigation have an intricate role in malaria transmission. In areas where irrigation channels are not properly maintained, high vector mosquito density is observed. Temporary hutments in agriculture fields result in increased exposure to mosquitoes. Wells, overhead tanks, ornamental tanks, roof gutters, water storage containers, construction sites, room coolers, valve chambers etc. are important breeding places for A.stephensi. Use of disposable cups, bottles and other items, which can collect water, increase the risks of mosquito breeding. The slums within the town and its periphery are the worst affected areas because of lack of water managem ent and appropriate anti-larval operations. Agent factors Genus : The disease is caused by the haemoparasites of genus Plasmodium, family Plasmodiidae, suborder Haemosporidiidae, order Coccidia. Life cycle : The life cycle of the plasmodium occurs in two stages, the sexual cycle (sporogony) in the mosquitoes and asexual cycle (schizogony) in the human host. Within the vertebrate host, schizogony is found both within erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony) and in other tissues (exo erythrocytic schizogony). The development of asexual cycle in man, its duration and course of infection are determined by the genetic composition of the malaria parasite. Sporozoites (microscopic, motile forms of malarial parasite) are released into blood of the human host from the saliva of infected female mosquito when it bites him/ her. Within minutes, these attach to and invade liver cells by binding to hepatocyte receptor for the serum proteins thrombospondin and properdin. The sporozoites multiply in the hepatocytes and get released in batches from them in form of merozoites, which are the asexual, haploid forms. The human red blood cells contain sialic acid residues on the glycophorin molecules attached to their surface. The plasmodium merozoites attach to these sialic acid residues by a parasite lectin like molecule. In the RBCs, the parasites grow in a membrane bound digestive vacuole, hydrolyzing hemoglobin through secreting enzymes. This stage is called the trophozoite and contains a single chromatin mass. The next stage is the schizont (erythrocytic schizont) with multiple chromatin masses, each of which develops into a fresh merozoite. The schizont forms after about 48 hr of intra-erythrocytic life (72 hr for P. malariae) and is characterized by consumption of almost all the hemoglobin and occupation of most of the RBC cavity. The RBC ruptures and a new batch of merozoite is released from it, which infects other RBCs. This cycle repeats itself till the host immune mechanisms come into play. Some schizonts mature into sexual forms called the gametocytes that infect the mosquitoes when they take their blood meal. During the hepatic phase, a proportion of sporozoites do not devide but remain dormant for a period ranging from 3 weeks to a year longer before reproduction. These dormant forms are called hypnozoites and are the cause of relapses that occur in P. vivax and P. ovale. After being ingested in the blood meal of the biting female mosquito, the male and female gametocytes form a zygote in the insects gut wass. The resulting oocyst expands by asexual division until it bursts to release a myriad of motile sporozoites, which then migrate in the hemolymph to the salivary gland of the mosquito to await inoculation into other human at the next feeding episode. Parasite load : The parasite load and the gametocyte production are influenced by development of immunity in human host. The difference in parasitaemia levels observed in P.vivax and P.falcipatum are attributed to the fact that P.vivax tends to invade younger RBCs while the P.falciparum invades all RBCs irrespective of their age. Reservoir : The source of infection is a malaria case with adequate number of mature viable gametocytes circulating in the blood. It has been estimated that in order to infect a mosquito, the blood of a human carrier must contain at least 12 gametocytes per mm3 and the number of female gametocytes must be more than the male gametocytes. The human case of malaria becomes infective to mosquito when mature, viable gametocytes develop in the blood of the patient in sufficient density. Bionomics of malaria vectors There are many species of anopheline mosquitoes in India but only 6 are regarded as primary vectors and another 3 or 4 as secondary or local vectors. The following characteristics of vector mosquitoes play an important role in the epidemiology of malaria. Breeding Habits : The breeding habits of mosquitoes show a lot of variation. Hence, vector mosquitoes tend to be confined to certain geographical areas only. Anopheles sundaicus prefers to breed in brackish waters. The main urban vector Anopheles stephensi commonly breeds in wells, cisterns and over head tanks. Tanks, pools, burrow pits and ditches are the preferred breeding spots for Anopheles annularis and Anopheles philippinensis while Anopheles dirus is usually found breeding in forest pools, streams and slit trenches. A.culicifacies is the major vector of rural malaria. It breeds in different ground water collections. During the rainy season, breeding places are numerous. Hence the density is at its peak in the rainy season. The other major vectors are A.minimus and A.fluviatilis. They breed in running channels with clear water. Therefore the densities reach the peak after the monsoon season when streams and channels have slow moving clear water. Density : For effective transmission of malaria in a locality, the mosquito vector must attain and maintain a certain density. This is called critical density and it varies from one mosquito to another and also under different environmental conditions. Anopheles culicifacies needs a very high density for transmission of malaria. Longevity : A mosquito, after an infective blood meal, must live for at least 10 days to complete the development of malaria parasites. Tropism : Some mosquitoes like Anopheles fluviatilis, Anopheles minimus prefer human blood and are called anthropophilic. Others like Anopheles culicifacies preferably feed on animal blood and are called zoophilic. When the densities are high or when the man cattle ratio is higher, they feed on humans too. This preferential feeding habit is called tropism. It has obvious bearing on the transmission of malaria. Biting and resting behaviour : Some vector mosquitoes bite at or soon after dusk, others either during late night or early hours of the morning. However, some species may be active at two different periods during the same night. Control strategies should consider such habits of mosquitoes. Use of impregnated bed nets would definitely be more effective when there are late biters in that area. A female mosquito rests either indoors (endophilic) or outdoors (exophilic) after a blood meal for maturation of its eggs. The common resting places are either human dwellings, cattle sheds or mixed dwellings. Flight Range : The distribution and dispersal of vector species depend upon their flight range. This is important for tracing the source and planning control measures. Some have a short flight range e.g. Anopheles dirus, Anopheles annularis and Anopheles fluviatilis. The species with flight range upto Two km distance are Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. Anopheles sundaicus may fly upto 8 or 10 km. MODE OF TRANSMISSION The most prevalent mode of Transmission of malaria is through the bite of the infected Female anopheles mosquito. The mosquito is infective only if the sporozoites are present in its salivary glands. However, malaria can also be transmitted by intravenous or intramuscular Injection of infected blood or plasma in an otherwise healthy person. The parasite can stay alive for nearly two weeks at 4 °c in bottled blood. Rarely transmission can also occur from Infected mother to the newborn. Malaria SURVEILLANCE Malaria surveillance connotes the maintenance of an on-going watch/ vigil over the status of malaria in a group or community. The main purpose of surveillance is to detect changes in trends or distribution in malaria in order to initiate investigative or control measures. 1. Fortnightly Domiciliary visits The active case detection is carried out by multipurpose health workers (male) under primary health care system by conducting active case detection every fortnight by making domiciliary visits. Technical justification for a fortnightly blood smear collection is based on transmission dynamics of malaria. The incubation interval in case of P.vivax is approximately 22 days while for P.falciparum it is 35 days. Thus, surveillance cycle of less than one incubation interval will catch most of the secondary cases before the commencement of next cycle. 2. Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs) Fever Treatment Depots are established in remote villages. The FTD holder is given training for one or two days at the PHC in the collection of blood smears, administration of presumptive treatment, impregnation of bed nets, promotion of larvivorous fish, etc. 3. Passive Case Detection (PCD) All Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Siddha medicine dispensaries in the health sector are identified and involved in passive case detection. All the fever cases attending the hospital should be screened for malaria and given presumptive treatment. 4. Rapid Fever Survey In case of an epidemic outbreak, every house of the village in the suspected epidemic zone is visited and all fever cases are screened by taking blood smears. 5. Mass survey As an alternative to Rapid Fever Survey, if possible mass survey of the entire population may be carried out in the suspected epidemic zone. Here all the population irrespective of age, sex or fever status is screened by taking blood smear. 6. Drug Distribution Centre (DDC) If it is not possible to have FTD, the medical officer should establish DDC. The functions of DDCs are the same as those of FTDs, except that the DDCs do not take blood slides but administer drugs to fever cases. 7. Annual blood smears examination rate and its validity All fever cases occurring in the community are examined for malaria parasite, and then the total malaria parasite load is examined. The monthly blood examination rate (MBER) norms are 0.8 percent during non-transmission season and 1.2 to 1.8 percent during transmission season were laid down in the Indian Malaria Eradication Programme. ABER = No. of blood smears collected during the year x 100 Population covered under surveillance MBER = No. of blood smears collected during the month x 100 Population covered under surveillance ABER/ MBER is an index of operational efficacy of the programme. The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) depends upon the ABER. A sufficient number of blood slides should be systematically obtained and examined for malaria parasite to work out accurate API. 8. Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) The Slide Positivity Rate among the blood smears collected through both active and passive surveillance gives more accurate information on distribution of malaria infection in the community over a period of time. Trends in SPR can be utilized for predicting epidemic situations in the area. If monthly SPR exceeds by 2  ½ times of the standard deviation observed in SPR of the preceding 3 years or preceding 3 months of the same year, an epidemic build up in the area can be suspected. SPR : No. of blood smears found positive for malaria parasite X 100 No. of blood smears examined 9. Annual Parasite Incidence (API) This parameter measures the incidence of malaria. It is calculated as: API = No. blood smears found positive for malaria parasite x 1000 Total population under surveillance API can be utilized for assessing the malaria endemicity in the area and impact of control operations. The level of API determines whether spray should be taken up in any area. In only those areas with API more than 2, regular rounds of spray would be planned. API calcualtes incidence of malaria and based on this, areas are divided into high low risk zones. 10. P. falciparum Percentage This is calculated as: P.f % = No. blood smears found positive for P.falciparum x 100   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. blood smears found positive for malaria parasite Pf % is required to find out prevalence of P.falciparum infection, which can cause severe manifestations of malaria including death. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY P.vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae cause low level parasitemia, mild anaemia and in rare instances, splenic rupture and nephritic syndrome. P. Falciparum on the other hand usually cause high levels of parasitemis, severe anaemia, cerebral symptoms, renal failure, pulmonary edema and even death. Pathophysiology of malaria results from destruction of erythrocytes, the liberation of parasite and erythrocyte (Cytokines, Nitric Oxide etc) material into the circulation, and the host reaction to these events. P. falciparum malaria differs from the other human species of malaria parasite because infected erythrocytes also sequester in the microcirculation of vital organs, interfering with micro circulatory flow and host tissue metabolism, which results in severe organ damage. The P. falciparums greater pathogenicity is due to the following reasons: (a) It is able to infect red cells of any age and maturity, leading to high parasite burden and profound anaemia. (compared to that caused by other species which infect only the young or very old RBCs) (b) P. falciparum causes infected RBCs to clump together (forming rosettes) and to stick to the vascular endothelium (sequestration) blocking the blood flow. Ischemia due to poor perfusi

Essay example --

Throughout life we lose grandparents, parents and grow apart from close friends but sibling relationships can be one of the most enduring relationships an individual will have throughout their lifetime. Although there are many things that can affect sibling relationships such as gender, age gaps and sex composition, this paper will examine the association between the parent-child relationship and the sibling relationships in adolescence. Based on the family systems theory which suggests that families are made up of interconnected subsystems that influence each other (Whitchurch and Constantine, 1993), it is not surprising that researchers use this theory as a way to study the effects that one relationship may have on the other. By examining the research, it is clear that the parent child relationship has an unquestionable effect on siblings’ relationships. The current literature supports this claim by presenting evidence based on the warmth/conflict within sibling relatio nships, parent’s differential treatment of their children, as well as the indirect/direct involvement parents have on their children’s sibling relationships. People believe most siblings have a love/hate relationship but the amount of one emotion over the other may not be directly the siblings own doings. Variables such as the parent-adolescent relationship can shape how siblings interact with one another whether one consciously notices or not. Derkman, Engels, Kuntsche, Van Der Vorst and Scholte (2011) conducted a five year longitudinal study on 428 families that evaluated the perceived parental support towards children, and the warmth/conflict between siblings during adolescence. Using self reports they found that sibling warmth and adolescent parent su... ...ng the problem themselves, and often punishing the behavior. The results demonstrated that mother’s preferential style of involvement was intervention, and fathers more often used coaching. It was found that when mothers and fathers used coaching as their style of involvement during conflicts between siblings it was related to greater levels of sibling warmth afterwards. Although both mothers and fathers used the coaching technique, mothers less often used non-involvement and more often used intervention than fathers. The style of involvement parents choose to use during sibling conflicts influence the way siblings learn to cope and deal with troubling situation, and so the coaching involvement style is reported to be the most effective because it shows the adolescents the parents are involved and care, yet give them room to grow and develop skills of their own.

Worst Decision of My Life

My senior year of high school was coming to a close. Everyone was in anticipation for Graduation and the school year to come to an end. My parents had been planning a trip to Florida for quite some time now and I couldn't Walt for them to leave. I decided to plan a party for Friday night even though my parents had specifically told me not to have a bunch of people over. I could hardly sleep Thursday night because I was so excited for what the following night might have in store. Up until Friday, I had only told my closest friends about the party o that the whole school doesn't show up at my house.As Friday went on I continued to tell more people and word spread like a wild fire on a dry, hot day. I was almost tempted to throw off the party because by the end of the school day it seemed like everyone had heard about it. I decided to throw the party anyway because it was nearing the end of the school year and we had to go out with a bash. People started showing up at my house around 8: 00. Everything was going smoothly until about 10:00, when what seemed to be fifty kids showed up from my high school within a ten minute span.I knew It was going to be a problem but since I was already a little buzzed, I let them all come In. My street was full of cars parked all the way up and down the road. In the basement the music was blaring and everyone was dancing having a good time. There were beer cans littered everywhere with the trash can overflowing with cans, bottles, and red solo cups. There was a distinct strong smell of sweat mixed with the spilt beer all over the ping pong table and floor. As you would walk across the basement floor, you could feel the soles of your shoes sticking to the round from all the spillage.As you walk out into the garage, there are cigarette butts scattered throughout, with a dense cloud of smoke that filled the air. I had to keep the garage closed so that the neighbors couldn't see what was going on. Atone point around midnight, things too k a turn for the worse. People started getting out of control. All of us where underage, and could barely handle our liquor. It all started when someone began projectile vomiting all over the basement couch. All I could think at that point was that my parents are going to kill me. Just moments after that, omen tripped down the stairs and put a massive hole In the wall.The hole was so big that I you could fit a fridge through it. At that point I was fed up and started directing people out. When I thought it was all finally over, as I was telling people to leave, a fight broke out. To this day, I still have no idea what started the fight. The fight moved outside to the front yard to my dismay. The neighbors heard the commotion and came outside and immediately called the cops. When the cops showed up, pretty much everyone was gone except a few of my friends who were taming the night and the kid who got beat up.After the cop talked to the boy who got in the fight, he came up to my house and knocked on the door. My heart was racing as I answered the door, knowing that there were consequences to come. Luckily, I didn't get Into any trouble with the law, but In no way could I avoid having to make that call to my parents who were trying to have a good time on vacation. It was almost two In the morning when called and as soon as my dad answered he knew something was wrong.

Oprah - 1648 Words

2013 Oprah Winfrey Erin Phillips ECO2123 2013 Oprah Winfrey Erin Phillips ECO2123 Oprah Winfrey is more than just a talk show host, a celebrity or a cultural figure. She is a genius entrepreneur. She has made some of the smartest decisions. Every now and then in history, we find a life story that is truly remarkable. Oprah Winfrey ventured forth from the agonizing childhood that was her world of common day to a region of supernatural wonder. Oprah’s road to success was not an easy task. From her early childhood, Oprah challenged many fabulous forces that she encountered. Oprah Winfrey tells the life story one of Americas richest and most successful show business personalities. When Oprah Winfrey told her†¦show more content†¦She would make the show a local hit and would soon be called what is now known, The Oprah Winfrey Show. â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Shows† first national appearance was on September 8, 1986 and it quickly became highest rated talk show in national syndication in less than a year. It remained the number one talk show for 19 consecutive seasons and is seen by 49 million viewers a week in the United States and is viewed internationally in over 117 different countries. The Oprah Winfrey show talks about personal problems in everyday life that most people never hear from each other. Whether its an ordinary person or a guest celebrity, Winfreys public therapy entices the viewer’s minds. Her personal life has been an essential part to her talk shows style of public therapy. From her childhood abuses, experiment with drugs, and weight loss problems, audience can try to relate to Oprah and almost see her as family. TV familiarity with her audience is a key element to her show and success. Her show influences many, like the example where the cattle industry lost over millions of dollars because a simple little quote she made about the mad cow disease. Her Book of the Month feature in her show raises arcane books into national best sellers. Because of her lavish success from her hit talk show, Oprah was a ble to advance her talents to be an entrepreneur. In April 2000, Oprah introduced O, The Oprah Magazine, a magazine for womensShow MoreRelatedOprah, By Oprah Gail Winfrey1340 Words   |  6 Pagesany enterprise especially a business. Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko Mississippi. When is was born her name was supposed to (Marks-Ellis, 2008) Orpah but they spelled it Oprah on her birth certificate. Oprah Winfrey is an Actress, Philanthropist (which is a person who promote the welfare of others), Publisher, and a Producer. Oprah Winfrey has built an empire of her own to connect and to inspire her audience. On January 1, 2011, Oprah announces the debut of her first televisionRead MoreOprah, By Oprah Gail Winfrey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOprah Gail Winfrey is a television and film producer, along with being a talk show host. Through media, Oprah is known mostly for The Oprah Winfrey Show. It is the highest-rated talk show of all time, running for 25 years. S he has dealt with many early life issues which has made her the tough, devoted, and inspirational person she is today. Oprah can be known as â€Å"The Queen of All Media.† Her loyalty to her audience has inspired many, along with the entertainment she gives her fans. Experts call herRead MoreArticle on Oprah1285 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Lopez Stock1 Queen of Talk Under Bad Lighting As a leader and icon Oprah Winfrey has redefined the meaning of success and has become one of the most praised women. Oprah has had numerous articles, books, and magazines, dedicated to highlighting her success. Another article in the New York Times summing up Ms. Winfrey’s accomplishments is nothing less than typical. However, what is uncommon is to come across a writer such as gossip columnist Kitty Kelley, doing what no one dares toRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Winfrey1946 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey Very few people are able to be recognized by their first name only: Oprah Winfrey is one of them. Oprah once shared what her formula for success is to Ladies Home Journal magazine, she said â€Å"Follow your instinct, that’s where true wisdom manifests itself†. Little did the parents of a little baby girl born as ‘Oprah’ Gail Winfrey know what the path ahead would lead for her. On January 29, 1954, Oprah was born to the parents Vernita Lee and Vernon Winfrey. However, they were unmarriedRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Gail Winfrey3576 Words   |  15 PagesCynthia Becerra English 60 Professor Kimberly Wilder 09 May 2015 Oprah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey, was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Her birth name was originally Orpah, from the Bible, but there was much confusion in the spelling and pronunciation (Notablebiographies.com). For this reason, she was known as Oprah almost from birth. For the most part, she was raised by her grandmother Hattie Mae Lee because her mother, Vernita Lee, and father, Vernon Winfrey, separated almostRead MoreOprah Winfrey is a Hero672 Words   |  3 PagesGreek myths and legends. Most showed generous behavior, even if it was not obvious until the lesson was learned. Oprah Winfrey is one of the most generous people of our time. I believe Oprah Winfrey is a hero because she uses her past experiences to inform, support, and help others, uses her money, fame, and time to help people, and shows incredible emotional and spiritual strength. Oprah Gail Winfrey grew up in a small farming community. A nineteen year old male cousin raped her when she was nineRead MoreOprah Winfrey3482 Words   |  14 PagesEvents in Singapore and Asia It is unbelievable the amount of influence that Oprah Winfrey has had over the lives of millions of people all over the world. She has become a demi-god in America. There are people who are ready to worship the ground over which she walks. She has lived the Great American dream, a veritable tale of rags to riches with the right amount of glamor added to it. Born in 1954 to unmarried parents, Oprah was raised by her grandmother on a farm with no indoor plumbing in KosciuskoRead MoreOprah Winfrey - Entreprenuer616 Words   |  3 PagesOprah Winfrey is an example of an entrepreneur who has reached legendary status not only in the United States but also worldwide. Overcoming a life of hardship, Oprah leaped over all obstacles to become one of the richest and most successful self-made women in history. Her career started at a news station in Nashville where she became the first African American co-anchor. She dropped out of college her senior year to move to Baltimore to co-anchor the nightly news in Baltimore. Although reading theRead MoreEssay on OPRAH WINFREY1261 Words   |  6 PagesOprah Winfrey Oprah Winerys life experiences have made her into the woman she is today. She was born on January 9,1954,in Kosciusko, Mississippi. She has stated that she is a woman in progress, just trying like everyone else. Taking every conflict and every experience and learning from it. Oprah Winfrey has risen from poverty and a troubled youth to become the most powerful and influential woman in television and according to Forbes MagazineRead More Oprah Winfrey Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, we find a life story that is truly remarkable. Oprah Winfrey ventured forth from the agonizing childhood, that was her world of common day, to a region of supernatural wonder. Oprah’s road to success was not an easy task. From her early childhood, Oprah challenged many fabulous forces that she encountered. Oprah Winfrey tells the life story one of Americas richest and most successful show business personalities. â€Å"The fact that Opra h Winfrey is also black and a woman makes her rags to riches